A comparative analysis of the structural-phase state, microhardness, wear resistance and wear mechanisms is carried out during tests on fixed abrasive and non-rigid fixed abrasive particles, as well as in sliding friction conditions, arc-deposited coatings with a composite material (CM) based on the powder material of the Ni–Cr–B–Si system, modified with a material containing titanium and chromium borides and obtained using the self-propagating high temperature synthesis. It is found that under wear conditions for fixed abrasive particles, the wear resistance of CM (10% modifying composite material (MCM) + 90% ПГ-10Н-01) is 1.5 times higher, and CM (20% microns + 80% ПГ-10Н-01) is 1.7 times higher than that of the ПГ-10Н-01 alloy. This is due to the introduction of MCM, which contributes to the formation of new crystallization centres during surfacing and as a result leads to grinding of the structure. The ПГ-10Н-01 nickel-based plastic matrix redistributes stresses, providing conditions in which solid components occupy a favourable position. This eliminates the local increase in contact pressure and reduces the probability of separation of solid wear-resistant particles. It is found that under friction under the influence of non-rigid abrasive particles, the increased wear resistance (1.2 times at a content of 10% MCM and 1.4 times at 20% MCM more compared to the ПГ-10Н-01 alloy) is due to the higher ability of CM to resist micro-cutting processes due to the formation of a structure based on a nickel matrix, which contains evenly distributed solid inclusions in the form of titanium diboride (TiB$_2$), nickel borides (Ni$_3$B) and chromium (CrB), titanium (TiO) and iron (Fe$_3$O$_4$) oxides. Based on the obtained experimental results, it is concluded that the presence of titanium diboride (TiB$_2$), chromium borides (CrB) and nickel (Ni$_3$B), titanium oxides (TiO) and iron (Fe$_3$O$_4$) in the deposited coating leads to a decrease in the intensity of wear under various friction conditions.