Issues »  Volume 48, Issue 3

Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamic Model of the Process of Redistribution of Alloying Elements and Structure Formation in Low-Carbon Steel during Slow Cooling

S. V. Bobyr’$^{1}$, E. V. Parusov$^{1}$, I. M. Chuyko$^{1}$, E. V. Oliynyk$^{1}$, V. V. Zhukov$^{2}$

$^{1}$Z. I. Nekrasov Iron and Steel Institute, N.A.S. of Ukraine, 1 Academician Starodubov Sqr., UA-49107 Dnipro, Ukraine
$^{2}$E. O. Paton Electric Welding Institute, N.A.S. of Ukraine, 11 Kazymyr Malevych Str., UA-03150 Kyiv, Ukraine

Received: 24.06.2025; final version - 15.10.2025. Download: PDF

A non-equilibrium thermodynamic analysis of the diffusion of alloying elements during the structure-formation process under slow continuous cooling of low-carbon CrMoV1Si steel for welding applications is performed. Examples are provided for the calculation of driving forces, cross coefficients, and fluxes within the scopes of Onsager equations for a model thermodynamic system. The conducted thermodynamic analysis made it possible to describe theoretically the diffusion fluxes of alloying elements in low-carbon CrMoV1Si steel as well as to propose a mechanism for its structure formation during slow continuous cooling, taking into account the partitioning of carbon, manganese, and silicon between the structural constituents of the steel. A computational assessment of the size and volume fraction of austenitic and martensitic areas formed during slow continuous cooling of the studied steel is carried out. As shown, the martensitic areas formed because of diffusion-less transformation of carbon- and manganese-enriched retained austenite can reach an average diameter of up to 6 μm at a cooling rate of 0.05°C/s that corresponds to experimental data.

Key words: non-equilibrium thermodynamics, diffusion equations, low-carbon steel, alloying elements, retained austenite, structural components.

URL: https://mfint.imp.kiev.ua/en/abstract/v48/i03/0275.html

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/mfint.48.03.0275

PACS: 05.70.Ln, 64.60.Ej, 66.30.Dn, 81.10.Jt, 81.30.Kf, 82.60.Hc, 82.60.Lf

Citation: S. V. Bobyr’, E. V. Parusov, I. M. Chuyko, E. V. Oliynyk, and V. V. Zhukov, Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamic Model of the Process of Redistribution of Alloying Elements and Structure Formation in Low-Carbon Steel during Slow Cooling, Metallofiz. Noveishie Tekhnol., 48, No. 3: 275–292 (2026) (in Ukrainian)

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