As shown, the use of aqueous emulsions of cutting fluids with antiwear and anti-seize organic additives, which contain active phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine atoms in the molecule, significantly effects on the physical and mechanical properties of the finished product. In certain cases, the cutting fluids can make the near-surface layers of the rolled metal more brittle, in others—lead to an increase in their ductility. As established, an important factor in the influence of the technological environment on the fracture, strength and plasticity characteristics of iron after rolling is a significant change in the chemical composition of grain boundaries and their fragments during severe plastic deformation. An evolution of the chemical composition of the boundary regions of grain boundaries and their fragments during rolling, caused by the saturation of the surface layers of iron with active chemical elements of the cutting fluids and the redistribution of impurity atoms of the initial metal, is investigated. The individual nearest atomic environment of impurity atoms in the boundary regions of grains and their fragments is determined. The effect of active chemical elements of cutting fluids and impurity atoms of starting metals on the electronic structure and the nature of interatomic bonds in the boundary regions of grains and their fragments is studied. The mechanism of their influence on the physical and mechanical properties of the material after rolling in cutting fluids with active chemical elements is investigated.